Cap nhat thang 4 nam 2026
Cac tieu chuan chat luong nuoc uong xac dinh nong do toi da cho phep cua cac chat o nhiem co the co mat trong nuoc dung cho muc dich sinh hoat. Doi voi cac chuyen gia xu ly nuoc, ky su va nha quan ly mua sam hoat dong tren thi truong quoc te, viec hieu ro su khac biet giua ba khung phap ly chinh la dieu can thiet de thiet ke he thong, dac ta thiet bi va tuan thu quy dinh.
Trang tham khao nay cung cap bang so sanh tung thong so giua Huong dan Chat luong Nuoc uong cua To chuc Y te The gioi (WHO, an ban thu 4 voi phu luc), Quy dinh Quoc gia ve Nuoc uong So cap va Thu cap cua Co quan Bao ve Moi truong Hoa Ky (EPA) va Chi thi Nuoc uong cua Lien minh Chau Au 2020/2184. Moi khung phap ly co cach tiep can khac nhau trong viec thiet lap tieu chuan, thuc thi va danh gia rui ro, va nhung khac biet nay co tac dong truc tiep den thiet ke he thong xu ly.
Tim hieu ba khung phap ly
Huong dan Chat luong Nuoc uong cua WHO
Cac huong dan cua WHO khong phai la quy dinh co tinh rang buoc phap ly. Chung dong vai tro la tai lieu tham khao khoa hoc ma cac chinh phu quoc gia co the ap dung, dieu chinh hoac vuot qua khi xay dung cac tieu chuan bat buoc cua rieng minh. Cac huong dan cua WHO dua tren danh gia rui ro suc khoe suot doi, thuong nham muc tieu rui ro ung thu 10-5 (mot truong hop bo sung tren 100.000 nguoi trong suot cuoc doi). Nhieu quoc gia dang phat trien ap dung truc tiep huong dan cua WHO vi ho thieu nguon luc de thuc hien danh gia rui ro doc lap.
Quy dinh Quoc gia ve Nuoc uong So cap cua EPA (NPDWRs)
Muc Ô nhiem Toi da (MCL) cua EPA la cac tieu chuan lien bang bat buoc ap dung cho tat ca cac he thong cap nuoc cong cong phuc vu 25 nguoi tro len. EPA cung thiet lap Muc tieu Muc Ô nhiem Toi da (MCLG), la cac muc tieu suc khoe khong bat buoc duoc thiet lap o muc khong co tac dong bat loi nao duoc biet hoac du doan, voi bien do an toan phu hop. MCL duoc thiet lap gan nhat co the voi MCLG su dung cong nghe xu ly tot nhat hien co, co tinh den chi phi. Cac bang rieng le co the ap dung tieu chuan nghiem ngat hon MCL lien bang.
Chi thi Nuoc uong cua Lien minh Chau Au 2020/2184
Chi thi sua doi cua EU co hieu luc vao thang 1 nam 2021 va cac quoc gia thanh vien phai chuyen doi thanh luat quoc gia truoc thang 1 nam 2023. No da gioi thieu cac phuong phap tiep can dua tren rui ro doi voi an toan nuoc, that chat gioi han cho chi va mot so thong so khac, va lan dau tien thiet lap gioi han cho PFAS va cac chat gay roi loan noi tiet. Tieu chuan EU la bat buoc doi voi cac quoc gia thanh vien, co the ap dung gioi han quoc gia nghiem ngat hon.
Bang so sanh day du tieu chuan nuoc uong
Bang sau so sanh cac gia tri huong dan va gioi han phap ly cho 26 thong so chinh. Khi mot tieu chuan khong quy dinh mot thong so cu the, no duoc ghi la "Khong quy dinh" hoac liet ke la tieu chuan thu cap (khong bat buoc) khi thich hop.
Thong so vat ly va hoa hoc
| Thong so | Don vi | Huong dan WHO | EPA MCL | Gioi han EU |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TDS (Tong chat ran hoa tan) | mg/L | 600 (tham my) | 500 (thu cap) | Khong quy dinh truc tiep |
| pH | — | 6,5–8,5 (tham my) | 6,5–8,5 (thu cap) | 6,5–9,5 |
| Do duc | NTU | 4 (tham my); <1 de khu trung | 1 (xu ly nuoc mat); 0,3 (phan vi 95) | 1 (tai nha may xu ly) |
| Clo du tu do | mg/L | 5 (dua tren suc khoe) | 4 (MRDL) | Khong quy dinh (tuy quoc gia thanh vien) |
| Clorua | mg/L | 250 (tham my) | 250 (thu cap) | 250 |
| Sulfat | mg/L | 250 (tham my) | 250 (thu cap) | 250 |
| Do cung (tinh theo CaCO3) | mg/L | Chua thiet lap (khong co nguy co suc khoe) | Khong quy dinh | Khong quy dinh (chi so quoc gia thanh vien) |
| Nitrat (tinh theo NO3) | mg/L | 50 | 10 (tinh theo N) = 44,3 (tinh theo NO3) | 50 |
| Florua | mg/L | 1,5 | 4,0 (MCL); 2,0 (thu cap) | 1,5 |
Kim loai nang va chat o nhiem vo co
| Thong so | Don vi | Huong dan WHO | EPA MCL | Gioi han EU |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asen | μg/L | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Chi | μg/L | 10 | 15 (muc hanh dong) | 5 (truoc 2036); 10 (den 2036) |
| Thuy ngan | μg/L | 6 (vo co) | 2 | 1 |
| Cadmi | μg/L | 3 | 5 | 5 |
| Crom (tong) | μg/L | 50 | 100 | 25 |
| Sat | μg/L | 300 (tham my) | 300 (thu cap) | 200 |
| Mangan | μg/L | 80 (suc khoe); 100 (tham my) | 50 (thu cap) | 50 |
| Dong | mg/L | 2 | 1,3 (muc hanh dong) | 2 |
| Kem | mg/L | 3 (tham my) | 5 (thu cap) | Khong quy dinh |
| Bari | mg/L | 1,3 | 2 | Khong quy dinh o cap EU |
| Antimon | μg/L | 20 | 6 | 10 (giam tu 20) |
| Selen | μg/L | 40 | 50 | 20 (giam tu 50) |
| Nhom | μg/L | 900 (tam thoi dua tren suc khoe) | 50–200 (pham vi thu cap) | 200 |
San pham phu khu trung va chat o nhiem moi noi
| Thong so | Don vi | Huong dan WHO | EPA MCL | Gioi han EU |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tong Trihalomethane (TTHMs) | μg/L | Khong co gia tri tong duy nhat; THMs rieng le: chloroform 300, bromoform 100, DBCM 100, BDCM 60 | 80 (tong) | 100 (tong) |
| PFAS (tong / tong cong) | μg/L | Chua duoc thiet lap (dang xem xet) | 4 ng/L cho moi PFOA va PFOS (quy dinh chinh thuc 2024) | 0,5 μg/L (tong PFAS); 0,1 μg/L (tong nhom con 20 PFAS) |
Thong so vi sinh
| Thong so | Don vi | Huong dan WHO | EPA MCL | Gioi han EU |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. coli | CFU/100 mL | Khong phat hien duoc trong bat ky mau 100 mL nao | 0 (khong; kich hoat vi pham ky thuat xu ly) | 0 tren 100 mL |
| Coliform tong | CFU/100 mL | Khong phat hien duoc trong bat ky mau 100 mL nao | Khong qua 5% mau duong tinh hang thang (Quy tac Coliform Tong Sua doi) | 0 tren 100 mL |
Tieu chuan nao nghiem ngat nhat?
Khong co khung phap ly nao la nghiem ngat nhat mot cach toan dien. Moi khung dan dau ve cac chat o nhiem khac nhau dua tren phuong phap danh gia rui ro va uu tien quy dinh cua minh.
Chi thi EU 2020/2184 nghiem ngat nhat doi voi:
- Chi: 5 μg/L truoc 2036 so voi 10 μg/L (WHO) va 15 μg/L muc hanh dong (EPA)
- Thuy ngan: 1 μg/L so voi 6 μg/L (WHO) va 2 μg/L (EPA)
- Crom: 25 μg/L so voi 50 μg/L (WHO) va 100 μg/L (EPA)
- Selen: 20 μg/L so voi 40 μg/L (WHO) va 50 μg/L (EPA)
- Sat: 200 μg/L so voi 300 μg/L (ca WHO va EPA)
- PFAS: Khung phap ly lon dau tien voi gioi han bat buoc cho tong PFAS
EPA Hoa Ky nghiem ngat nhat doi voi:
- PFOA va PFOS rieng le: 4 ng/L (phan ty), gioi han PFAS rieng le nghiem ngat nhat toan cau
- Trihalomethane: 80 μg/L so voi 100 μg/L (EU)
- Antimon: 6 μg/L so voi 20 μg/L (WHO) va 10 μg/L (EU)
- Dong: 1,3 mg/L muc hanh dong so voi 2 mg/L (ca WHO va EU)
- Do duc: Yeu cau ky thuat xu ly chi tiet nhat voi 0,3 NTU o phan vi 95
WHO nghiem ngat nhat doi voi:
- Cadmi: 3 μg/L so voi 5 μg/L (ca EPA va EU)
- Florua: 1,5 mg/L, bao ve hon MCL 4,0 mg/L cua EPA (du trung voi EU)
Y nghia thiet ke: Khi thiet ke he thong xu ly cho cac du an quoc te hoac co so phai tuan thu nhieu khu vuc phap ly, hay su dung gia tri han che nhat cho moi thong so lam muc tieu thiet ke. Dieu nay dam bao tuan thu bat ke tieu chuan nao ap dung va cung cap su bao ve suc khoe toi da.
Cach thuc thi tieu chuan nuoc uong
Hoa Ky
EPA uy quyen thuc thi so cap ("primacy") cho cac co quan bang ap dung tieu chuan it nhat nghiem ngat nhu MCL lien bang. Cac he thong cap nuoc cong cong phai thuc hien giam sat dinh ky theo lich trinh cong bo, bao cao ket qua cho co quan bang va thong bao cho nguoi tieu dung ve cac vi pham. Cac hanh dong thuc thi bao gom tu lenh hanh chinh va phat tien den lenh cam va hinh phat hinh su cho cac vi pham co y. Luat Nuoc uong An toan yeu cau Bao cao Tin cay Nguoi tieu dung hang nam cho cac he thong nuoc cong dong.
Lien minh Chau Au
Cac quoc gia thanh vien chuyen doi Chi thi thanh luat quoc gia va chi dinh co quan co tham quyen de thuc thi. Ban sua doi 2020 tang cuong thuc thi bang cach yeu cau giam sat dua tren rui ro tu nguon den voi, danh gia rui ro bat buoc theo vung cap nuoc va danh gia rui ro phan phoi trong nha cho cac toa nha nhu benh vien va truong hoc. Cac quoc gia thanh vien bao cao du lieu tuan thu cho Uy ban Chau Au, co the bat dau thu tuc vi pham doi voi su khong tuan thu co he thong.
Khung WHO
Cac huong dan cua WHO khong co co che thuc thi truc tiep. WHO thuc day phuong phap Ke hoach An toan Nuoc noi cac don vi cap nuoc chu dong xac dinh va quan ly rui ro tu nguon den nguoi tieu dung, thay vi chi dua vao kiem tra san pham cuoi cung. Trong thuc te, viec thuc thi cac tieu chuan quoc gia dua tren huong dan cua WHO hoan toan phu thuoc vao nang luc quy dinh quoc gia, voi su khac biet lon giua cac quoc gia.
Khi nao can kiem tra: Tan suat giam sat
Tan suat giam sat phu thuoc vao quy mo he thong, loai nguon nuoc va khu vuc phap ly. Huong dan chung bao gom:
- Thong so vi sinh (E. coli, coliform tong): Hang ngay den hang thang tuy thuoc dan so phuc vu. EPA yeu cau toi thieu mot mau hang thang cho moi 1.000 nguoi phuc vu doi voi coliform tong.
- Thong so hoa hoc (kim loai nang, nitrat): Hang quy den hang nam de tuan thu EPA. EU yeu cau giam sat kiem tra o tan suat dua tren luong nuoc phan phoi.
- San pham phu khu trung (THMs): Hang quy cho EPA; tan suat dua tren quy mo he thong va nguon cho EU.
- PFAS: Quy dinh chinh thuc ve PFAS cua EPA yeu cau giam sat hang quy cho cac he thong nuoc cong cong trong giai doan giam sat ban dau, voi kha nang giam xuong giam sat hang nam cho cac he thong tuan thu.
- Do duc: Giam sat lien tuc yeu cau tai cac nha may xu ly nuoc mat theo Quy tac Xu ly Nuoc mat cua EPA. EU yeu cau giam sat tai dau ra nha may xu ly.
Doi voi he thong xu ly nuoc cong nghiep, viec giam sat nuoc qua trinh nen thuong xuyen hon muc toi thieu quy dinh. Chat luong nuoc tham thau RO, muc TDS va cac thong so vi sinh nen duoc giam sat o khoang cach phu hop voi ung dung, dac biet cho cac ung dung thuc pham va do uong, duoc pham va nuoc cap cho noi hoi.
Cong nghe xu ly de tuan thu
Dat duoc bat ky tieu chuan nao trong so nay doi hoi cong nghe xu ly phu hop voi chat luong nguon nuoc va cac chat o nhiem muc tieu:
- He thong tham thau nguoc loai bo 95-99% chat o nhiem hoa tan bao gom kim loai nang, nitrat, florua, TDS va PFAS. RO la cong nghe xu ly don le hieu qua nhat de dat duoc su tuan thu o ca ba khung phap ly.
- He thong khu trung UV cung cap khu trung khong hoa chat cho E. coli, coliform tong, virus va dong vat nguyen sinh ma khong tao ra san pham phu khu trung nhu trihalomethane.
- He thong loc nuoc bao gom bo loc da lop, than hoat tinh va he thong loai bo sat/mangan xu ly do duc, vi, mui va cac chat o nhiem vo co cu the.
Viec lua chon he thong phu thuoc vao dac tinh nguon nuoc, cac thong so muc tieu, yeu cau luu luong va khung phap ly ap dung. Doi voi cac du an can tuan thu nhieu tieu chuan, hay thiet ke theo gioi han nghiem ngat nhat cho moi thong so.
Cac cau hoi thuong gap
Su khac biet giua gia tri huong dan cua WHO va MCL cua EPA la gi?
Gia tri huong dan cua WHO la nong do toi da khuyen nghi dua tren danh gia rui ro suc khoe, nhung khong co tinh rang buoc phap ly. Cac quoc gia co the ap dung, sua doi hoac vuot qua cac gia tri nay khi thiet lap tieu chuan quoc gia cua rieng minh. MCL cua EPA la muc o nhiem toi da co tinh rang buoc phap ly ma tat ca cac he thong nuoc cong cong tai Hoa Ky phai tuan thu. Vi pham MCL kich hoat thong bao cong khai bat buoc, hanh dong khac phuc va cac hinh phat co the.
Tieu chuan nuoc uong cua EU co ap dung cho gieng tu nhan khong?
Chi thi Nuoc uong cua EU 2020/2184 ap dung cho nuoc dung cho tieu dung duoc cung cap qua mang luoi phan phoi, tu xe bon, hoac trong chai hoac thung chua. Cac nguon cap nuoc gia dinh rieng le phuc vu duoi 50 nguoi hoac cung cap duoi 10 m³/ngay co the duoc mien tru boi cac quoc gia thanh vien tru khi nuoc duoc cung cap nhu mot phan cua hoat dong thuong mai hoac cong cong. Cac yeu cau cu the cho gieng tu nhan khac nhau theo quoc gia thanh vien.
Toi nen thiet ke he thong xu ly nuoc theo tieu chuan nao?
Thiet ke he thong cua ban de dap ung tieu chuan nghiem ngat nhat ap dung cho moi thong so. Neu co so cua ban hoat dong trong mot khu vuc phap ly duy nhat, thiet ke theo yeu cau cua khu vuc do cong them bien do an toan 20-30% duoi gioi han. Doi voi thiet bi xuat khau hoac du an quoc te, thiet ke de dap ung ca ba khung cung luc bang cach chon gioi han thap nhat cho moi thong so. Lien he voi doi ngu ky thuat cua chung toi de duoc tu van cu the cho du an ve thiet ke he thong xu ly cho bat ky khung phap ly nao.